Apex class:

public class USStateCodeController {
 
    @AuraEnabled
    public static List < US_State_Codes__mdt > fetchUSStateCodes() {
        return [ SELECT Label, State_Code__c FROM US_State_Codes__mdt ORDER BY Label ];
    }
}

USStateCode.cmp:

<aura:component implements="force:appHostable" controller="USStateCodeController" >
    
    <aura:handler name="init" value="{!this}" action="{!c.fetchCodes}"/>
    
    <aura:attribute name="codeList" type="US_State_Codes__mdt[]" default=""/>
    <aura:attribute name="mycolumns" type="List"/>
    
    <div class="slds-box slds-theme_default">
        <lightning:datatable data="{! v.codeList }" 
                             columns="{! v.mycolumns }" 
                             keyField="id"
                             hideCheckboxColumn="true"/>
    </div>
 
</aura:component>

USStateCodeController.js:

({
 fetchCodes : function(component, event, helper) {
         component.set('v.mycolumns', [
            {label: 'Label', fieldName: 'Label', type: 'text'},
                {label: 'State Code', fieldName: 'State_Code__c', type: 'text'}
            ]);
        var action = component.get("c.fetchUSStateCodes");
        action.setParams({
        });
        action.setCallback(this, function(response){
            var state = response.getState();
            if (state === "SUCCESS") {
                component.set("v.codeList", response.getReturnValue());
            }
        });
        $A.enqueueAction(action);
    }
})

Output: