We can run SOQLs on Profile and PermissionSet to find specific Permission enabled in Salesforce Profiles and Permission Sets.

In the follow example, I am checking the permission “Author Apex”.

Profile Permission Check:

SELECT Id, Name
FROM Profile
WHERE PermissionsAuthorApex = true

Permission Set Check:

SELECT Id, Name, Label
FROM PermissionSet
WHERE PermissionsAuthorApex = true