Map data type in Salesforce

A map is a collection of key-value pairs where each unique key maps to a single value. Keys and values can be any data type—primitive types, collections, sObjects, user-defined types, and built-in Apex types.

Example:

Map<Integer, Account> m =  new Map<Integer, Account>();

Map<Integer, Account> m = new Map<Integer, Account>{1=> new Account(name='test')};

Map<Integer, String>  m = new Map<Integer, String>{1=>'a',2=>'b'};
m.put(3,'c'); // Assigning values using put()
String str = m.get(2) // returns b
List<Integer> keys = new List<Integer>();
keys = m.keySet(); //Returns the keys from Map
List<String> val = new List<String>();
val = m.values();  //Returns the values from Map
m.containsKey(3); //Returns true if the map contains a mapping for the specified key.

//If the key is a string, the key value is case-sensitive